Locate cost assumption
The research uses a locate assumption of $0.10 per share. That was chosen because it covers most real-world locate cases without pretending locates are free or always easy to source.
In live trading, locate costs can range from effectively zero to roughly $1.00 per share depending on broker, locate provider, stock availability, and current demand. Some trades in the real world have to be passed on entirely because the locate cost is simply too expensive.